System for planning and/or providing neuromodulation

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to systems and methods for planning and/or providing neuromodulation. An example system includes
         a first data input module for stimulation related basic data,   a second data input module for stimulation related response data,   a transfer module configured and arranged such that the stimulation related basic data received by the data input module are linked and/or translated into and/or with the response data and/or artificial response data created by the transfer module, wherein the data generated by the transfer module are transfer data, the transfer data comprising link data and/or translation data and/or artificial response data, and   a mapping module configured and arranged such that based on the stimulation related basic data and stimulation related response data and the transfer data a digital characteristic map is generated, which describes an interrelation between the stimulation related basic data and the stimulation related response data and the transfer data.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a U.S. National Phase of InternationalApplication No. PCT/EP2018/082939, entitled “A SYSTEM FOR PLANNINGAND/OR PROVIDING NEUROMODULATION”, and filed on Nov. 18, 2018.International Application No. PCT/EP2018/082939 claims priority toEuropean Patent Application No. 17205358.9, filed on Dec. 5, 2017. Theentire contents of each of the above-listed applications are herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a system for planning and/or providingneuromodulation.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Decades of research in physiology have demonstrated that the mammalianspinal cord embeds sensorimotor circuits that produce movementprimitives (cf. Bizzi, E., et al., Modular organization of motorbehavior in the frog's spinal cord. Trends in neurosciences 18, 442-446(1995); Levine, A. J. et al. Identification of a cellular node for motorcontrol pathways. Nature neuroscience 17, 586-593, (2014)). Thesecircuits process sensory information arising from the moving limbs anddescending inputs originating from various brain regions in order toproduce adaptive motor behaviours.

A spinal cord injury (SCI) interrupts the communication between thespinal cord and supraspinal centres, depriving these sensorimotorcircuits from the excitatory and modulatory drives necessary to producemovement.

A series of studies in animal models and humans showed that electricalneuromodulation of the lumbar spinal cord using epidural electricalstimulation (EES) is capable of (re-)activating these circuits. Forexample, EES has restored coordinated locomotion in animal models ofSCI, and isolated leg movements in individuals with motor paralysis (cf.van den Brand R, et al., Restoring Voluntary Control of Locomotion afterParalyzing Spinal Cord Injury. Science 336, 1182-1185 (2012); Angeli CA, et al., Altering spinal cord excitability enables voluntary movementsafter chronic complete paralysis in humans. Brain: a journal ofneurology 137, 1394-1409 (2014); Harkema S, et al., Effect of epiduralstimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement,standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a casestudy. The Lancet 377, 1938-1947; Danner S M, et al., Human spinallocomotor control is based on flexibly organized burst generators.Brain: a journal of neurology 138, 577-588 (2015); Courtine G, et al.,Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional statesafter the loss of brain input. Nature neuroscience 12, 1333-1342,(2009); Capogrosso M, et al., A brain-spine interface alleviating gaitdeficits after spinal cord injury in primates. Nature 539, 284-288,(2016)).

Computational models (cf. Capogrosso M, et al., A computational modelfor epidural electrical stimulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits. TheJournal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society forNeuroscience 33, 19326-19340 (2013); Moraud E M, et al., MechanismsUnderlying the Neuromodulation of Spinal Circuits for Correcting Gaitand Balance Deficits after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuron 89, 814-828(2016); Rattay F, et al., Epidural electrical stimulation of posteriorstructures of the human lumbosacral cord: 2. quantitative analysis bycomputer modeling. Spinal cord 38, 473-489 (2000)) and experimentalstudies (cf. Gerasimenko Y, et al., Program No. 447.445 (Soc. Neurosci.Abstr.); Minassian K, et al., Human lumbar cord circuitries can beactivated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity.Human Movement Science 26, 275-295 (2007)) have provided evidencesuggesting that EES recruits large-diameter sensory afferents,especially proprioceptive circuits (cf. Moraud E M, et al., MechanismsUnderlying the Neuromodulation of Spinal Circuits for Correcting Gaitand Balance Deficits after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuron 89, 814-828,(2016)).

Consequently, the stimulation leads to the activation of motoneuronsthrough mono- and polysynaptic proprioceptive circuits, as well asincreases the general excitability of the lumbar spinal cord. Inaddition, the natural modulation of proprioceptive circuits duringmovement execution gates the effects of EES towards functionallyrelevant spinal pathways. Concretely, due to phase-dependent modulationof proprioceptive circuits, the effects of stimulation are restricted tospecific ensembles of leg motoneurons that are coherent with the phaseof the movement (cf. Moraud E M, et al., Mechanisms Underlying theNeuromodulation of Spinal Circuits for Correcting Gait and BalanceDeficits after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuron 89, 814-828 (2016)).

Moreover, since EES engages motoneurons through trans-synapticmechanisms, residual inputs from supraspinal centres are also capable ofgating the effects of EES towards specific circuits or increasing theexcitability of the motoneuron pools (and thus their responsiveness toEES) in order to mediate voluntary modulation of leg movements (cf. vanden Brand R, et al., Restoring Voluntary Control of Locomotion afterParalyzing Spinal Cord Injury. Science 336, 1182-1185 (2012); Angeli CA, et al., Altering spinal cord excitability enables voluntary movementsafter chronic complete paralysis in humans. Brain: a journal ofneurology 137, 1394-1409 (2014); Harkema, S, et al. Effect of epiduralstimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement,standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a casestudy. The Lancet 377, 1938-1947).

This conceptual framework was exploited to design a neuromodulationstrategy that targets specific ensembles of proprioceptive afferentsassociated with flexion and extension of both legs (cf. Bizzi E, et al.,Modular organization of motor behavior in the frog's spinal cord. Trendsin neurosciences 18, 442-446 (1995); Levine A J, et al. Identificationof a cellular node for motor control pathways. Nature neuroscience 17,586-593 (2014)).

This strategy, termed spatiotemporal neuromodulation, consists ofdelivering EES bursts through targeted electrode configurations with atemporal structure that reproduces the natural activation of legmotoneurons during locomotion. This spatiotemporal neuromodulationtherapy reversed leg paralysis in both rodent and primate models of SCI(cf. Capogrosso M, et al., A brain-spine interface alleviating gaitdeficits after spinal cord injury in primates. Nature 539, 284-288,(2016); Wenger N, et al., Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapiesengaging muscle synergies improve motor control after spinal cordinjury. Nat Med 22, 138-145 (2016)).

This conceptual framework is applicable to develop spatiotemporalneuromodulation therapies for enabling leg motor control in humans withSCI.

Generally speaking, known stimulation systems use either Central NerveSystem (CNS) stimulation, especially Epidural Electrical Stimulation(EES), or Peripheral Nerve System (PNS) Stimulation, especiallyFunctional Electrical Stimulation (FES).

Epidural Electrical Stimulation (EES) is known to restore motor controlin animal and human models and has more particularly been shown torestore locomotion after spinal cord injury by artificially activatingthe neural networks responsible for locomotion below the spinal cordlesion (cf. Capogrosso M, et al., A Computational Model for EpiduralElectrical Stimulation of Spinal Sensorimotor Circuits, Journal ofNeuroscience 4 Dec. 2013, 33 (49) 19326-19340; Courtine G, et al.,Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional statesafter the loss of brain input, Nat Neurosci. 2009 October; 12(10):1333-1342; Moraud E M, et al, Mechanisms Underlying the Neuromodulationof Spinal Circuits for Correcting Gait and Balance Deficits after SpinalCord Injury, Neuron Volume 89, Issue 4, p 814-828, 17 Feb. 2016). EESdoes not directly stimulate motor-neurons but the afferent sensoryneurons prior to entering into the spinal cord. In this way, the spinalnetworks responsible for locomotion are recruited indirectly via thoseafferents, restoring globally the locomotion movement by activating therequired muscle synergies. The produced movement is functional; however,due to relatively poor selectivity (network activation instead ofselective targeting of key muscles) the controllability is low and theimprecisions hinder fluidity and full functionality in the potentialspace of the movement.

Peripheral Nerve System (PNS) Stimulation systems used to date in theclinic are known as Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) thatprovides electrical stimulation to target muscles with surfaceelectrodes, either directly through stimulation of their motorfibers(neuro-muscular stimulation), or through a limited set reflexes(practically limited to the withdrawal reflex) or by transcutaneouslystimulating the peripheral nerves. The resulting muscle fatigue hasrendered FES unsuitable for use in daily life. Furthermore, successeshave remained limited through cumbersome setups when using surfacemuscle stimulation, unmet needs in terms of selectivity (when usingtranscutaneous nerve stimulation) and a lack of stability (impossible toreproduce exact electrode placement on a daily basis when stimulatingmuscles, moving electrodes due to clothes, sweating).

US 2016/030750 A1 discloses a computer implemented system and methodfacilitates the generation, sharing and refinement of volumes tostimulate anatomical tissue, such as spinal cord stimulation. Thecomputer system analyses the volumes as well. More specifically, acomputer implemented system and method facilitates a cycle ofgeneration, sharing, and refinement of volumes related to stimulation ofanatomical tissue, such as brain or spinal cord stimulation. Suchvolumes can include target stimulation volumes, side effect volumes, andvolumes of estimated activation. A computer system and method alsofacilitates analysis of groups of volumes, including analysis ofdifferences and/or commonalities between different groups of volumes.

US 2016/001096 A1 describes methods and systems that use multipletherapeutic modalities to cause deep or superficial deep-brainstimulation. Methods for treatment of clinical conditions andphysiological impacts are described, as well as methods for GuidedFeedback control of non-invasive deep brain or superficialneuromodulator, as well as the non-invasive neuromodulation of thespinal cord by ultrasound energy.

EP 2 810 689 A1 and EP 2 810 690 A1 describe a system for planning andproviding a therapy for Deep Brain neural applications, especiallyneurostimulation and/or neurorecording with at least one lead with aplurality of electrodes. The invention concerns a method for focusingthe stimulation field provided by an active contact of a lead.

US 2015/066111 A1 discloses a tool for assisting in the planning orperforming of electrical neuromodulation of a patient's spinal cord bycalculating a volume of activation, registering electrodes and theirposition.

Current systems for neuromodulation in the field of the treatment ofspinal cord injuries (SCI), for example after trauma or stroke orillness, have to match each input signal to a specific reaction of thepatient. This can be quite time-consuming and also exhaustive for thepatient to be treated and also for the physician and medical supportstaff.

It is an object of the present invention to improve a system forplanning and/or providing neuromodulation, especially in connection withthe treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCI), for example after trauma orstroke or illness, especially in that the procedure of linking inputsignals and the neuromodulation provided with the desired reaction ofthe patient is simplified and less time-consuming.

This object is solved according to the present invention by system forplanning and/or providing neuromodulation according to claim 1.Accordingly, a system for planning and/or providing neuromodulation,especially neurostimulation, is provided, comprising first data inputmodule for stimulation related basic data,

a stimulation related basic data storage module for storing thestimulation related basic data, second data input module for stimulationrelated response data,

a stimulation related response data storage module for storing thestimulation related response data,

transfer module configured and arranged such that the stimulationrelated basic data received by the data input module are linked and/ortranslated into and/or with the response data and/or artificial responsedata created by the transfer module, wherein the data generated by thetransfer module are transfer data, the transfer data comprising linkdata and/or translation data and/or artificial response data,a transfer response data storage module for storing the transfer data,mapping module configured and arranged such that based on thestimulation related basic data and stimulation related response data andthe transfer data a digital characteristic map is generated, whichdescribes the interrelation between the stimulation related basic dataand the stimulation related response data and the transfer data.

The invention is based on the basic idea that the multi-dimensionalrelationship between the stimulation signal and the patient responseshall be described by a digital characteristic map, which forms a kindof functional mapping. This functional mapping describes inter alia therelationship in a specific situation at a specific point of time ofstimulation input provided and the respective resulting output, which isfor example a patient response e.g. in form of movement. In other words,the connection and transformation of a specific input signal, i.e. astimulation input, and the respective output signal, i.e. the reactionand/or movement of the subject/patient is compiled and the respectivedata are collected. Then, these data describe as a kind ofmultidimensional map the respective reaction of the patient of specificinput at a specific point of time. Such specific input at a specificpoint of time can be for example the above-mentioned spatiotemporalstimulation. By creating and establishing the multidimensional mapspatiotemporal stimulation input and the respective output, i.e. therespective patient reaction, a spatiotemporal stimulation can beconfigured for specific scenarios related to specific movements of ortasks to be performed by the patient like sitting, standing up (sit tostand), standing, walking, climbing stairs, stop walking, stand to sit.So, by using the multidimensional map in connection with spatiotemporalstimulation protocols can be created and provided, which are directlytranslatable to the design of spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapiesto reverse inter alia leg paralysis. The digital characteristic map maybe a curve, a plurality of curves or a landscape, e.g. athree-dimensional or even multi-dimensional landscape of a plurality ofcurves, which describe the dependencies between one specific input andone specific output at a certain point of time a pre-defined position.So, it is also possible that the landscape is changing its shape independency over the time.

In connection with the system specific kind of data are used.

In particular, there are stimulation related basic data. The stimulationrelated basic data are data that describe the stimulation in greaterdetail, in particular which kind of stimulation, which elements used forthe stimulation and also the characteristics of a patient receiving thestimulation is present and/or used. Thus, the stimulation related basicdata may define parameters of a neurostimulation system for treating apatient.

Moreover, there are stimulation related response data. The stimulationrelated response data describe, what kind of response is received inconnection with the stimulation. In particular, these kind of datadescribe results of any kind triggered and received as response by theprovided stimulation. Such stimulation related response data may include(but are not limited to) data describing activation of the spinal cordas response to the stimulation or specific movements and/or reactions ofthe patient induces by the neurostimulation. The stimulation relatedresponse data may inter alia comprise date of the activation of thespinal cord as response to the stimulation.

Also, there are transfer data. The transfer data are building a bridgebetween the stimulation related basic data and the stimulation relatedresponse data. There may be link data and/or translation data or aartificial response data, which may fill gaps, where no direct linkbetween an input and an output is given. In particular artificialresponse data might be for example but not limited to extrapolation dataor calculated data. The transfer data may comprise artificial responsedata and/or link data and/or translation data, which link and/ortranslate at least partially the stimulation related basic data and thestimulation related response data with each other.

The invention can also be used in the context of neuromodulation,especially neurostimulation, where the electrical stimulation parametersdefining the stimulation for the subject to be treated can varycyclically over time in a pre-programmed manner, i.e. one cycle withpre-defined timings for the various stimulation patterns is repeatedover and over again.

Such neuromodulation approaches may cover (but are not limited to)invasive or non-invasive or mixed approaches. They may be based onneurostimulation only. Also, pharmacological approaches or the likeshall be covered and understood by the term neuromodulation.Neurostimulation may be applied epidurally and/or subdurally and/ortranscutaneously or in another suitable manner.

The use of pre-programmed temporal stimulation pattern data togetherwith the use of pre-programmed spatial stimulation pattern data allow astimulation at the correct place at the correct time to facilitate,enable or trigger the intended action of the subject. Such an action canbe movement of extremities like feet and/or legs and/or arms,contraction and/or relaxation and/or any movement of muscles inconnection with movement of the subject or cardiovascular functions ofthe subject, e.g. blood pressure control and/or blood circulationsupport and/or blood circulation control. Such an approach can becharacterized as open-loop phasic stimulation. Basically, it forms a wayto stimulate phasically the nervous system, especially the spinal cordof a subject or patient without the need for complex and/or complicatedfeedback systems. It can easily be implemented to promote locomotion,cyclical activity with physical training devices and reduce orthostatichypotension, after nervous system impairments such as spinal cordinjury. So it is possible to improve a neuromodulation system, e.g. inthe field of improving recovery after neurological disorders like spinalcord injury (SCI), for example after trauma or stroke or illness,especially in that neuromodulation and/or neurostimulation can beprovided in almost any environment and in daily life, adapted to thepatient's needs and providing the needed assistance in training anddaily life for the patient, also adjusted to the progress of therehabilitation of the patient.

The mapping module may be configured and arranged such that the digitalcharacteristic map is generated automatically. By generating the digitalcharacteristic map automatically a very efficient and time-consumingprocedure as now in the state of the art may be overcome. Thedependencies between input and output can be generated faster and moreefficient. The automatic generation process may contain steps likeinterpolation or the use of plausible assumptions based on knownbiophysical or physiological relations. There may be an algorithm thatuses iterations to find the most suitable way to describe at least partsof the digital characteristic map.

Furthermore, the stimulation related basic data may comprise at leastone selected from

electrode data, and/or

stimulation characteristic data, and/or

patient data, and/or

stimulation data, and/or

treatment application data.

These kind of data and/or parameters describe in a very clear andwell-defined way the circumstances and variables of the stimulation tobe provided or the provided stimulation. With this kind of data theinput situation in dependency of the time can be described. Generally,further parameters may also be used independently, alternatively oradditionally.

Additionally, the stimulation related response data may comprise atleast one selected from

sequence of events data, and/or

motion data, and/or

EMG data, and/or

afferent signal data, and/or

efferent signal data, and/or

impedance data, and/or

EEG data, and/or

BCI data.

This kind of data and/or parameters describe in a very clear andwell-defined way the circumstances and variables of the result or outputcaused by the stimulation to be provided or the provided stimulation.With this kind of data the output situation in dependency of the timecan be described. Generally, further parameters may also be usedindependently, alternatively or additionally.

Also, the transfer module may be configured and arranged such that atleast one kind of data selected from

body posture data, and/or

static and/or dynamic data, and/or

task and/or activity data, and/or

time and/or delay data, and/or

rehabilitation data, and/or

drug treatment data, and/or

data related to the voluntariness of movement,

is or are used to generate the transfer data.

The transfer data may be used to prepare the relationship between thestimulation related basic data and the stimulation related responsedata. The transfer data may also be used to fill gaps, where there is nopair between stimulation related basic data and stimulation relatedresponse data.

In particular, where there is no matching stimulated related responsedata to specific stimulation related basic data, by means of thetransfer data, stimulation related response data may be calculated andvise versa. On the basis of the stimulation related basic data, thestimulation related response data and the transfer data, a fullyfletched picture of the interrelationship between stimulation relatedbasic data and stimulation related response data may be created. Thiskind of picture or mapping consists of real data and also for examplecalculated and/or virtual data.

The virtual mapping module allows to directly generate the digitalcharacteristic map virtually online, which is enhancing the process ofmapping the stimulation related basic data and the stimulation relatedresponse data.

The system may comprise a correlation and/or simulation module, which isconfigured and arranged to correlate on the basis of digitalcharacteristic map by way of simulation the stimulation related basicdata and the stimulation related response data and the transfer data.With such a correlation and/or simulation module a simulation of theinterrelation of the stimulation related basic data and the stimulationrelated response data and the transfer data can be done. With such asimulation and correlation for example a possibility check can be done.If the correlation and simulation does not lead to an expected landscapeand mapping, this could be taken as an indicator for errors in thecalculation process.

The correlation and/or simulation module may be configured and arrangedsuch that from a preselected stimulation related basic data thecorrelating stimulation related response data are identified. With thecorrelation and/or simulation module matching data, i.e. matchingpreselected stimulation related basic data and correlating stimulationrelated response data may be identified. Such matching is especiallyuseful when a therapy must be planned. In particular, this kind of wayback machine is possible.

The correlation and/or simulation module may be configured and arrangedsuch that from a preselected stimulation related response data thecorrelating stimulation related basic data are identified. For example,the desired therapy parameters and stimulation outcome may be taken andthen the respective stimulation basic data can be identified.

The system may comprise a neuromodulation settings generation module,which is configured and arranged to translate the digital characteristicmap into neuromodulation parameter settings for a neuromodulationtreatment of a subject. The neuromodulation treatment of a subject maybe especially a neurostimulation treatment. Such a neurostimulationtreatment may be especially a neurostimulation treatment of the spinalcourt. Neuromodulation treatment may be also understood as a combinedtherapy having stimulation components and also other components oftreatment, e.g. pharmacological treatment. Neuromodulation itself couldbe also a pharmacological treatment only. By using the translation andthe digital characteristic map, the respective neuromodulation parametersettings for the neuromodulation treatment may be identified. Based onthe digital characteristic map the correlation between input and outputis sufficiently and clearly and unambiguously described, with the neededaccuracy. So it is possible, to search for specific treatment outcomeand then identify the corresponding input data, i.e. the requiredneuromodulation parameter settings.

The neuromodulation settings generation module may comprise a transferinterface, which is configured and arranged for transferringneuromodulation parameter settings from the system to a neuromodulationdevice. This transfer interface may be for example a data transferinterface. Such interfaces may transfer data from one device to theother, for example wire bound or wireless. Possible transfer protocolsare for example Bluetooth or self constructed transfer protocols. Thetransfer of data may be also done transcutaneously, i.e. from the insideof the body to the outside and vise versa.

Possible neuromodulation devices may be for example but not limited toimplantable pulse generators for a neurostimulation system or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Further details and advantages of the present invention shall now bedisclosed in connection with the drawings.

It is shown in

FIG. 1 a schematical overview of a possible embodiment for a system forplanning and/or providing neuromodulation;

FIG. 2 a (two-dimensional/2D) part of the obtained digitalcharacteristic map;

FIG. 3a-k several details of the anatomical structures to be stimulatedand anatomical structures of interest;

FIG. 4 the implantation procedure of a neuromodulation lead of a systemaccording to FIG. 1, here in connection with the example of theimplantation of a neuromodulation lead for a rodent (here a Lewis rat);

FIG. 5 further steps of implanting an electrode array to the spinalcord;

FIG. 6a the kinematics and the stimulation in the functional range onflexion stimulation for primates; and

FIG. 6b the kinematics and the stimulation in the functional range onflexion stimulation for rodents.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Detailed Description

FIG. 1 shows as schematical overview of a possible embodiment for asystem for planning and/or providing neuromodulation, hereneurostimulation according to the present invention.

The patient P is connected to the system 10.

The system 10 comprises at least:

a physiological response measurement sensor 12

a physiological response measurement receiver and processor 14

a computer 16

a software 18

a visualization module 20

a neuromodulation lead 22 and neuromodulation pulse generator 24.

The physiological response measurement sensor 12 and the physiologicalresponse measurement receiver processor 14 function as a first datainput module 26 for stimulation related basic data.

The computer 16 and the software 18 are connected to a storage beingpart of the computer 16.

The storage S comprises a stimulation related basic data storage module28 for storing the stimulation related basic data obtained by the firstdata input module 26 for stimulation related basic data.

The stimulation related basic data may comprise at least one (or more orall) selected from

electrode data, and/or

stimulation characteristic data, and/or

patient data, and/or

stimulation data, and/or

treatment application data.

In the shown embodiment, the neuromodulation lead 22, theneuromodulation pulse generator 24, the physiological responsemeasurement sensor 12 and the physiological response measurementreceiver and processor 14 form also a second data input module 30 forstimulated related response data.

The stimulation related response data are stored in a furtherstimulation related response data storage module 32, which is also partof the storage S.

The stimulation related response data comprise data comprise at leastone (or more or all) selected from

sequence of events data, and/or

motion data, and/or

EMG (electromyography) data, and/or

afferent signal data, and/or

efferent signal data, and/or

impedance data, and/or

EEG (electroencephalograhy) data, and/or

BCI (brain control interface) data.

Moreover, the computer 16 comprises a transfer module 34.

The transfer module 34 is configured and arranged such that thestimulation related basic data received by the data input module arelinked and/or translated into and/or with the response data and/orartificial response data created by the transfer module 34, wherein thedata generated by the transfer module 34 are transfer data, the transferdata comprising link data and/or translation data and/or artificialresponse data.

The transfer module 34 may configured and arranged such that at leastone kind of data selected from

body posture data, and/or

static and/or dynamic data, and/or

task and/or activity data, and/or

time and/or delay data, and/or

rehabilitation data, and/or

drug treatment data, and/or

data related to the voluntariness of movement,

is or are used to generate the transfer data.

Moreover, there is a transfer response data storage module for storingthe transfer data, which is also part of the storage S.

Furthermore, the computer 16 comprises for creating a digitalcharacteristic map 36 a mapping module 38.

The mapping module 38 is configured and arranged such that based on thestimulation related basic data and the stimulation related response dataand the transfer data digital characteristic map 36 is generated, whichdescribes the interrelation between the stimulation related basic dataand the stimulation related response data and the transfer data.

The mapping module 38 may be configured and arranged such that thedigital characteristic map 36 is generated automatically.

The system 10 may further comprise a virtual mapping module 40, which isconfigured and arranged to generate the digital characteristic mapvirtually online.

Moreover, the system 10 comprises a correlation and/or simulation module42, which is configured and arranged to correlate on the basis ofdigital characteristic map by way of simulation the stimulation relatedbasic data and the stimulation related response data and the transferdata.

The correlation and/or simulation module is configured and arranged suchthat from a preselected stimulation related basic data the correlatingstimulation related response data are identified. Also, from apreselected stimulation related response data the correlatingstimulation related basic data may be identified.

The system 10 further comprises a neuromodulation settings generationmodule 44, which is configured and arranged to translate the digitalcharacteristic map into neuromodulation parameter settings for aneuromodulation treatment of a subject.

Furthermore, the neuromodulation settings generation module 44 comprisesa transfer interface 46, which is configured and arranged fortransferring neuromodulation parameter settings from the system to aneuromodulation device, here the Neuromodulation Pulse Generator 24.

The above system and process may be also set up as a self-learning ormachine-learning process. Especially all kind of maps may be generatedin a self-learning or machine-learning process.

FIG. 2 shows in 2D a part of the obtained digital characteristic map 36,describing the interrelation between the stimulation related basic dataand the stimulation related response data and the transfer data.

On the x-axis the stimulation strength is shown.

On the y-axis the muscle response is shown.

In the digital characteristic map 36, two lines L1 and L2 describing theconnection between the stimulation strength (i.e. stimulation relatedbasic data) with the muscle response (stimulation related responsedata), wherein the connection can be seen as kind of a transfer function(i.e. stimulation related transfer data).

The first line L1 is describing the stimulation response of a firstmuscle M1 and the dashed line L2 is describing the stimulation responsefor a second muscle M2.

As can be seen, at a point of stimulation P1 muscle M1 starts to react.

This point P1 is called motor threshold point or onset point.

At this point P1, muscle M2 shows no reaction.

Increasing the stimulation strength will result at some point in asaturation, this point being denoted as point P2, also called saturationpoint P2.

This point P2, being the saturation point is defining the point at whichno further stimulation will receive in stronger muscle activity ofmuscle M1.

Thus, this point is called saturation point, as increasing thestimulation will not result in better stimulation results and muscleactivity.

As can be seen, at point P1′ a second muscle starts to react on theapplied stimulation, however, at a lower level and with less activity.So, a specificity point P3 may be defined.

The specificity point P3 defines a point, where muscle M1 showsrelatively high response, whereas the response of muscle M2, which isalso stimulated by the applied stimulation shows less activity, which isstill at a level that can be accepted, as it is not really relevant.

Also shown is the saturation point P2′ for muscle M2.

FIG. 2 shows a part of digital characteristic map for example for aspecific subset of electrodes of an electrode array that is placed inthe vicinity of the spinal cord, for example to perform epiduralelectrical stimulation (EES). By already knowing the connection theplacement of the electrodes vis-a-vis the spinal cord and the afferentsensory neurons, the necessary muscles or muscle groups needed for aspecific movement can be addressed.

When generating the digital characteristic map, the user is confrontedwith a plurality of degrees of freedom.

Moreover, fast scans are limited by the response time of the muscles(approx. 2 s/0.5 hz).

This will lead to long mapping times for generating the digitalcharacteristic map.

Thus, here optimization might be wanted.

This can be done by optimizing the patients specific mapping procedure,i.e. finding the optimal stimulation settings for a given task.

Therefore, the following options can be used alternatively or incombination:

By applying specific search function instead of a current step-wiseapproach, the time consuming step-wise approach can be avoided. Possibleapproaches in connection with this search function approach are particleswarm, genetic, steepest gradient, optimization algorithms.

A model fitting approach may be used. Here, a patient specific orgeneric model or the like may be used that predicts muscle response fora specific stimulation and uses the actual mapping to fine-tune and/orregister and/or adapt this model to the individual/specific patient.

There may be a data base of patients. Here iterative/machine learningmethods may be used for mappings from previous patients to suggest(patient-specific) stimulation settings, probabilistic/statistics can beused, e.g. if one use those settings, then the probability of aneffective stimulation may be a certain percentage X % and the crosstalkmay be another certain percentage Y %.

For the above three methods, certain quality indicators/optimizationobject functions may be used such as sensitivity index, cross-talk,muscle onset, muscle saturation or the like.

The above three approaches may improve the generation of the digitalcharacteristic map (the so called mapping procedure) by:

-   -   reducing the mapping times    -   creating patient specific optimum results    -   potential reduction of the number of EMG's required, making the        procedure easier and faster    -   theoretically one can abandon the use of EMG's at all by        fine-tuning of the used motion sensors.

FIG. 3a-k show several details of the anatomical structures to bestimulated and anatomical structures of interest.

FIG. 3a-e relates to the example of Rhesus monkeys.

FIG. 3f-k relate to rodents, here Louis rats.

FIG. 3a shows the anatomy of the lumbar spinal cord of a Rhesus monkeyto be stimulated.

Here this spatial organization of spinal segments of the Rhesus monkeyin relation to the vertebrae is shown.

FIG. 3b shows the dorsal roots trajectory.

Here the 3D-dorsal roots' trajectory in relation to the lumbar spinalsegment is shown.

FIG. 3c shows the innervation of leg muscles, in particular the locationof the motor neurons of the principle leg muscles in relation to thesegments of the lumbar spinal cord.

Shown are extensor muscles with the denotation EXT, flexor muscles withthe reference sign FLEX and the articular muscles with the referencesign B.

The muscles are denoted as follows:

ST—SEMITENDINOSUS

RF—RECTUS FEMORIS

GLU—GLUTEUS MEDIUS

GM—GASTROCNEMIUS MEDIALES

FHL—FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

IL—ILIOPSOAS

TA—TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

EDL—EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS.

FIG. 3d shows the design of a selective array of electrodes of forexample a neuromodulation lead 22.

Here, the design of an epidural array in relation to the vertebrae androots of the spinal cord is shown.

FIG. 3e shows a polyamide-based realization.

Here, the polyamide-based array and position in relation to thevertebrae is shown.

FIG. 3f-k show respectively the corresponding drawings for rodents, hereLewis rats.

In particular, it is shown in FIG. 3f the anatomy of the lumbar spinalcord of a rodent,

FIG. 3g the dorsal roots trajectory,

FIG. 3h the innervation of the leg muscles,

FIG. 3i the design of the selective array, and

FIG. 3k the polyamide-based realization.

FIG. 4 shows the implantation procedure of the neuromodulation lead 22,here in connection with the example of the implantation of aneuromodulation lead for a rodent (here a Lewis rat).

The implantation of a neuromodulation lead for other mammals likemonkeys or human beings is similar.

In step ST1 the needles are prepared.

In step ST2 the EMG electrodes are prepared.

In step ST3 a skull fixation is done.

In step ST4 the lead wires are pulled.

In step ST5 subcutaneous wire passage is prepared and provided.

In step ST6 a dorsal position with leg fixed is performed.

In step ST7 a skin opening is performed.

In step ST8 a fascia opening is performed.

In step ST9 the wires are subcutaneously pulled.

In step ST10 the optimal spot is found.

In step ST11 needles are passed through the muscles.

In step ST12 wires are passed inside the needles.

In step ST13 notes at wires extremity are provided.

In step ST14 the fascia is provided with a suture.

In step ST15 a suture to the skin is performed to close the implantationside.

FIG. 5 shows further steps of implanting an electrode array to thespinal cord.

In step ST100 the exposure of the vertebrae is done.

In step ST110 laminectomies are done to expose the spinal cord.

In step ST120 a preparation for the orthosis is done by using 4 screws.

In step ST140 a tunneling of the connector is prepared and provided.

In step ST 150 a ushape suture is provided for anchoring the electrodearray of the neuromodulation lead 22.

In step ST160 the array is pulled into the epidural space.

In step ST170 a control position the array is done.

In step ST180 a housing of the array is provided in the orthosis.

In step ST190 a complete orthosis is performed by using dental cement.This orthosis is used for the rodents to support them during “walking”.It is not needed for other mammals like primates (e.g. monkeys orhumans).

In step ST200 a suture of the back muscles is provided to close theimplantation side.

In FIG. 6a the kinematics and the stimulation in the functional range onflexion stimulation for primates is shown. The correspondingrelationship for rodents is shown in FIG. 6 b.

Method of Functional Mapping

The method of functional mapping may be performed for example asfollows:

Evaluation of the spatial specificity of epidural arrays is achieved bysimple electrophysiological testing. A single supra-threshold currentpulse of EES, applied through an electrode contact at the lumbosacrallevel, produces mono- and poly-synaptic electromyographic responses insome leg muscles termed spinal reflexes (FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b ).

In particular, the mono-synaptic component of these responses, appearingat the lowest threshold, is related to the direct activation of the Iaafferent fibers. These fibers have excitatory synaptic connections toall the motoneurons of their homonymous muscle. Therefore, given thelocation of motoneuron pools in the spinal cord (cf. e.g. FIG. 3c andFIG. 3h ) and which muscles are activated by single pulses (orlow-frequency stimulation, e.g. 0.5-2 Hz) of epidural stimulation, it ispossible to infer which roots are stimulated by each of the activesites. This procedure enables to estimate the region of the spinal cordthat is preferentially targeted by a specific contact (cf. e.g. FIG. 6aand FIG. 6b ).

Indeed, the specificity of epidural arrays for spatiotemporalneuromodulation is not defined by the ability to stimulate singlemuscles, but rather by the recruitment of specific spinal segmentsinnervating several muscles at the same time. Some antagonist muscles,such as the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis, may bepartially innervated by roots emerging from the same segment. However,spinal circuits and interactions with residual descending control willgate the stimulation effects towards functionally relevant musclesduring the execution of a specific movement. The excitability of agonistand antagonist muscles is modulated during gait, resulting in increasedfunctional muscle specificity during movement (cf. e.g. FIG. 6a and FIG.6b ) compared to static measurements. This provides additionalrobustness in the positioning of the implants. During the implantationprocedure, the ability to elicit spinal reflexes in the musclesinnervated by the most rostral and the most caudal spinal segmentsinnervating leg muscles (such as the Iliopsoas and GastrocnemiusMedialis respectively) ensures a correct longitudinal placement of thearray and a full coverage of the entire lumbosacral spinal cord.

Procedure

Implantation of chronic electromyographic (EMG) electrodes and epiduralspinal electrode arrays in rats and primates is done as shown in FIG. 4and FIG. 5.

For primates or humans the implantation of the neurostimulation lead isdone likewise the implantation of electrode arrays for neurostimulationof the spinal cord in connection with pain treatment.

After the implantation, the following exemplary steps forIntra-operative electrophysiology and finalization of the implantationprocedure for the epidural array of the neuromodulation lead 22 areperformed.

The EMG electrodes are connected and the epidural array to the Real-Timeelectrophysiology unit.

The system 10 set up to visualize on a monitor and store 50 ms of EMGsignals triggered by each stimulation pulse delivered through theepidural array.

Then, the neural stimulator with the neuromodulation pulse generator 24and the neuromodulation lead 22 is set to current mode (voltage mode canalso be used but is not preferred). The stimulation frequency may bechosen at e.g. 0.5 Hz. In general, a current range from 0 to 600 μA inrats and 0 to 5 mA in primates or humans at 200 μs pulse-width may beexpected.

After this, one may proceed by stimulating the most rostral sites toverify that the Muscle Evoked Potential of the iliopsoas in response tothe epidural stimulation is recruited at lower threshold than the otherleg muscles. Stimulation of the most rostral lumbar segments of thespinal cord should induce isolated hip flexion movements associated toeach stimulation pulse when the stimulation is applied above motorthreshold.

In the next step it is continued by stimulating the most caudal sites toverify that the Muscle Evoked Potential of the Medial Gastrocnemius inboth rats and primates (or another most caudally innervated muscle) inresponse to the epidural stimulation is recruited at lower thresholdthan other leg muscles. A current amplitude range from e.g. 0 to 300 μAin rats and 0 to 2 mA in primates or humans at 200 μs pulse-width forthe stimulation of the caudal spinal cord may be expected. Stimulationof this region should induce isolated ankle dorsi-flexion movementsassociated to each stimulation pulse when the stimulation is appliedabove motor threshold.

Then, the longitudinal position of the array may be adjusted by e.g.sliding it under the vertebra and previous steps may be repeated untilboth conditions are met.

Following to this step/these steps, the medio-lateral positioning of thearray is checked by verifying that stimulation of lateral sites at thesame spinal level selectively recruits the muscles of the legipsilateral to the stimulation site at lower current levels than themuscles of the contralateral leg. The position of the array is adjustedby using the openings provided by the laminectomies at various spinallevels.

Spatial Specificity: Post-Surgical Selection of Optimal ElectrodeConfigurations

Firstly, the epidural spinal stimulation system is set up. In rats, theheadplug receiving the wires from the epidural electrode array isconnected to to a multichannel stimulator controlled by a computer orreal-time processor (e.g. RZ2 Bioamp Processor, Tucker-DavisTechnologies). In primates or humans establishing communication with anImplantable Pulse Generator (IPG) (e.g. Activa RC, Medtronic).Communication occurs via a telemetry system consisting of an antennalinked to an interface worn by the animal and placed in a custom-madejacket. This interface should be able to transmit information wirelessly(e.g. by Bluetooth) to an external computer. Such systems with real-timecommunication capabilities do not readily exist as commercial system butcan be used as investigational devices through collaborations withbiomedical companies such Medtronic.

Optionally, a video recording or motion capture system may be used torecord the movements that will be induced by epidural stimulation (asdescribed in the following point).

The spatial selectivity of the electrode array is characterizedfollowing a procedure similar to that described on connection with theverification of the Muscle Evoked Potential of muscles of interest. Thestimulation is set by selecting an electrode site and send singlebipolar electrical pulses (200-μs pulse width) at a frequency of 0.5 Hz.The electrode site being tested is selected as the cathode (negativepolarity).

Then, the stimulation amplitude is manually increased from until a motorevoked potential is observed. A motor potential elicited by thestimulation should occur within about 3-8 ms in the rats and 5-15 ms inthe primates after the stimulation pulse. Take note of the minimumintensity eliciting a motor potential as the motor threshold.

The intensity is increased until the motor responses on all musclessaturate in amplitude and take note of the saturation amplitude.

A recording of the EMGs is performed while systematically ramping up thestimulation amplitude from 0.9× the motor threshold found until thesaturation amplitude found.

The above steps are repeated for each electrode of the spinal implant,until muscle responses evoked by each of the electrode contacts arerecorded.

Optionally, a testing of additional multipolar electrode configurationsmay be performed. In the case in which leg specificity or musclespecificity is considered insufficient, multipolar configurations can beused to increase it. For example if all the electrodes on the left sideof the array induce responses in both limbs, multipolar configurationsmay be tested with the cathode on the left side and the anode on themidline or on the right side in order to steer the activating fieldtowards the desired limb. Likewise, if there is a lack of rostro-caudalselectivity, for example if the iliopsoas (most rostral muscle) is notspecifically recruited by the most rostral electrodes, the cathode maybe placed on the most rostral electrode and one or several anodes on theelectrodes caudal to it.

When all recordings are completed the local procedures defined forawakening and post-sedation care will be performed.

Then, the recruitment curves and the digital characteristic arecalculated and computed offline from the data obtained in the stepsdescribed above. Recruitment curves indicate the normalized level ofactivation of each muscle in response to single electrical pulses ofincreasing amplitude. The EMG activity is normalized by its maximumacross all stimulation amplitudes and all stimulation sites. Theserecorded motor responses can also be translated into spatial maps ofmotoneuron pool activation, so-called spinal maps. From the recruitmentcurves, identify a functional range of stimulation amplitudes in whichonly the muscles activated at the lowest thresholds are significantlyrecruited. The spinal maps are computed corresponding to this functionalrange and use them to define the spatial specificity of each electrodeconfiguration.

By analyzing the computed spinal maps, the electrode configuration isdetermined that creates the highest activation in the spinal segmentsresponsible for flexion of the leg, especially hip flexion (L1-L2 inrats during bipedal locomotion, L1-L2 in primates) and has unilateralresponses over a wide range of amplitudes. This configuration isselected to promote global flexion of the leg. Similarly, the electrodeconfiguration is determined that creates the highest activation in thespinal segments responsible for extension of the leg, especially ankleextension (L4-L6 in rats during bipedal locomotion, L6-L7 in primates)and has unilateral responses over a wide range of amplitudes. Thisconfiguration is selected to promote global extension of the leg

Time Specificity: Determination of Stimulation Patterns

The required timing for each type of stimulation is determined. Prior tothe planned experiments, first EMG recordings of a few healthyindividuals walking in the same conditions as used for the impairedsubjects are performed. From these EMG recordings, the spatiotemporalmaps (i.e. digital characteristic maps) of motoneuron activation duringhealthy locomotion are computed and determined. In rats and primates orhumans, the analysis of these spinal maps will reveal that the spinalsegments associated with flexion should be activated from the beginningof swing (‘foot off’) to the middle of swing. Similarly, the spinalsegments associated with extension should be activated from thebeginning of stance (‘foot strike’) to the middle of stance.

Then, a system is set up, which is able to detect or predict inreal-time the gait events necessary for spatiotemporal neuromodulation:“foot off”, “foot strike”, “mid-stance”, “mid-swing”. This system can bebased on a real-time motion capture system in case there is residualvoluntary motor control and if the animal can wear infrared-reflectivemarkers or other types of motion sensors. Otherwise, the instantaneousmotor state can be decoded from neural signals using intracorticalmicroelectrode arrays, electro encephalograms (EEG) or implanted EEG(Ecog).

Following to that, the sequence of stimulation bursts is programmedbased on the detected gait events. In case all the detected events aresufficiently separated in time, all of them can be used to trigger theonset or the end of a particular set of stimulation bursts. However, ifthe stimulator can only accept stimulation commands up to a maximum rateand if the time interval between some consecutive events is too short tosend two separate commands, an alternative solution is to pre-programthe duration of the stimulation bursts. In this solution, the gaitevents only trigger the onset of stimulation, and the bursts areterminated automatically after a certain time has elapsed.

In a further step, initial amplitudes and frequencies are selected. Tostart with this procedure, e.g. one can select a frequency of about 60Hz for all electrode configurations used in the program defined above.For each electrode configuration, one can select an amplitude around 1.5times the motor threshold obtained during recruitment curves.Closed-loop spatiotemporal neuromodulation may be tested with this setof parameters. The amplitudes may be adjusted based on kinematics andEMG activity. Each electrode configuration should have a significanteffect on the targeted muscle group without loss of muscle specificity.

The stimulation timing may be refined empirically. Alternatively, thiscan be done automatically with simulation tools or the like.

One may anticipate or delay the onset of each stimulation burst and seeif the effect on kinematics and EMG activity is improved. Kinematiceffects can be quantified by looking at key variables such as stepheight or stride length, or by computing an exhaustive list of kinematicvariables and using dimensionality reduction techniques such asPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA). Similarly, one may extend or reducethe duration of each stimulation burst and examine the effect onkinematics and EMG activity. The process may be iterated until anoptimal set of parameters is found.

Also, stimulation amplitudes and frequencies may be refined. The timingobtained in the previous step may be used. One may then re-adjust theamplitudes and frequencies. Each electrode configuration should have asignificant effect on the targeted muscle group without loss of musclespecificity.

Note that the example control and estimation routines included hereincan be used with various neuromodulation and/or neurostimulation systemconfigurations. The control methods and routines disclosed herein may bestored as executable instructions in non-transitory memory and may becarried out by the control unit in combination with the various sensors,actuators, and other system hardware in connection with a medicalneurostimulation system. The specific routines described herein mayrepresent one or more of any number of processing strategies such asevent-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and thelike. As such, various actions, operations, and/or functions illustratedmay be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in somecases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarilyrequired to achieve the features and advantages of the exampleembodiments described herein, but is provided for ease of illustrationand description. One or more of the illustrated actions, operationsand/or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on the particularstrategy being used. Further, the described actions, operations and/orfunctions may graphically represent code to be programmed intonon-transitory memory of the computer readable storage medium in thecontrol unit, where the described actions are carried out by executingthe instructions in a system including the various hardware componentsin combination with a electronic control unit.

Explicitly disclosed in connection with the above disclosure is thefollowing aspect:

1. A method for planning and/or providing neuromodulation, includingneurostimulation, comprising

linking and/or translating stimulation related basic data into and/orwith response data and/or artificial response data to generate transferdata, the transfer data comprising link data and/or translation dataand/or artificial response data,

generating a digital characteristic map based on stimulation relatedbasic data and stimulation related response data and the transfer data,the digital characteristic map describing an interrelation between thestimulation related basic data and the stimulation related response dataand the transfer data; and

-   -   generating neuromodulation signals via an actuator based on the        digital characteristic map.

2. The method according to aspect 1, wherein the method furthercomprises applying machine learning to generate the characteristic map.

REFERENCES

-   10 neuromodulation and/or neurostimulation system-   12 physiological response measurement sensor-   14 physiological response measurement receiver and processor-   16 computer-   18 software-   20 visualization module-   22 neuromodulation lead-   24 neuromodulation pulse generator-   26 first data input module-   28 stimulation related basic data storage module-   30 second data input module-   32 stimulation related response data storage module-   34 transfer module-   36 digital characteristic map-   38 mapping module-   40 virtual mapping module-   42 correlation and/or simulation module-   44 neuromodulation settings generation module-   46 transfer interface-   M1 first muscle-   M2 second muscle-   P patient-   P1 onset point-   P2 saturation point-   P3 specificity point-   P1′ onset point-   P2′ saturation point-   S storage

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for planning and/or providingneuromodulation, especially neurostimulation, comprising: at least oneprocessor; and at least one non-transitory memory storing instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the processorto perform the steps of: receiving stimulation related basic data by afirst data input module; storing the stimulation related basic data in astimulation related basic data storage module; obtaining stimulationrelated response data by a second data input module; storing thestimulation related response data to a stimulation related response datastorage module; a transfer module configured and arranged such thatlinking and/or translating the stimulation related basic data receivedby the first data input module to the stimulation related response dataand/or artificial response data generated by the transfer module;wherein data generated by the transfer module are transfer data, thetransfer data comprising link data, translation data, or the artificialresponse data; storing the transfer data to a transfer response datastorage module; and based on the stimulation related basic data, thestimulation related response data, and the transfer data, generating adigital characteristic map; wherein the digital characteristic mapdescribes an interrelation between the stimulation related basic data,the stimulation related response data, and the transfer data; andwherein the digital characteristic map is configured to be automaticallytranslatable using iterations to determine the design of theneuromodulation.
 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the mappingmodule is configured and arranged such that the digital characteristicmap is generated automatically.
 3. The system according to claim 1,wherein the stimulation related basic data comprise one or more ofelectrode data, stimulation characteristic data, patient data,stimulation data, and treatment application data.
 4. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the stimulation related response datacomprise one or more of sequence of events data, motion data,electromyography (EMG) data, afferent signal data, efferent signal data,impedance data, electroencephalography (EEG) data, and brain controlinterface (BCI) data.
 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein thetransfer module is configured and arranged such that one or more of bodyposture data, static data, dynamic data, task data activity data, timedata delay data, rehabilitation data, drug treatment data, data relatedto the voluntariness of movement, are used to generate the transferdata.
 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a virtualmapping module, which is configured and arranged to generate the digitalcharacteristic map virtually online.
 7. The system according to claim 1,further comprising a correlation and/or simulation module, which isconfigured and arranged to correlate on the basis of digitalcharacteristic map by way of simulation the stimulation related basicdata and the stimulation related response data and the transfer data. 8.The system according to claim 7, wherein the correlation and/orsimulation module are configured and arranged such that from apreselected stimulation related basic data the correlating stimulationrelated response data are identified.
 9. The system according to claim7, wherein the correlation and/or simulation module are configured andarranged such that from a preselected stimulation related response datathe correlating stimulation related basic data are identified.
 10. Thesystem according to claim 1, further comprising a neuromodulationsettings generation module, which is configured and arranged totranslate the digital characteristic map into neuromodulation parametersettings for a neuromodulation treatment of a subject.
 11. The systemaccording to claim 10, wherein the neuromodulation settings generationmodule comprises a transfer interface, which is configured and arrangedfor transferring neuromodulation parameter settings from the system to aneuromodulation device.
 12. A method for planning and/or providingneuromodulation, including neuro stimulation, comprising: linking and/ortranslating stimulation related basic data into and/or with responsedata and/or artificial response data to generate transfer data, thetransfer data comprising link data and/or translation data and/orartificial response data, generating a digital characteristic map basedon the stimulation related basic data, the stimulation related responsedata, and the transfer data, the digital characteristic map describingan interrelation between the stimulation related basic data, thestimulation related response data and the transfer data; and generatingneuromodulation signals via a neuromodulation pulse generator based onthe digital characteristic map.